A protein complex that controls transcription of inflammatory genes. When activated, NF-κB drives production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several peptides (KPV, BPC-157, Thymosin Alpha-1) are studied for their ability to inhibit NF-κB, reducing inflammation.
"NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B)" is filed under Signaling Pathways in the PeptideAtlas glossary, alongside 7 other terms in that group.
A central intracellular signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, metabolism, survival, and protein synthesis. Activated by growth factors including IGF-1 and insulin. Many anabolic and growth-promoting peptides exert effects through this pathway. mTOR inhibition (e.g., by rapamycin) is a separate longevity research strategy.
A cellular energy sensor activated when ATP levels are low (e.g., during exercise or fasting). AMPK activation promotes glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. AICAR (a nucleoside analog, not a peptide) activates AMPK indirectly via its intracellular metabolite ZMP; the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c also activates AMPK signaling.
A transcription factor activated by cAMP signaling that plays a key role in memory formation, neuronal survival, and neuroplasticity. Nootropic peptides like Semax and Dihexa are studied for their effects on CREB-dependent gene expression.
More Signaling Pathways terms: PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway, AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase), CREB (cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein), BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor), SNARE Complex, JAK/STAT Pathway, MAPK/ERK Pathway.